Global journal of Business and Integral Security

The Role of School Directors in the Effective Management of Secondary Schools

Zdravka Grđan — 2025-02-17

Effective management is a critical factor in ensuring the success of public secondary schools. The role of school directors is particularly significant, as they must navigate a complex array of challenges to align institutional goals with national educational priorities, ensure compliance with legal frameworks, and address the expectations of a diverse set of stakeholders. Consequently, understanding the role of school directors in public secondary education requires a comprehensive examination of management principles, contextual factors, and cross-sectoral insights.
At its core, management in secondary schools involves the integration of planning, organizing, leading, and controlling to create environments that foster learning and development. However, these managerial functions cannot be understood in isolation, as they are deeply influenced by the external environment, including regulatory requirements, funding mechanisms, and community dynamics.
In addition to navigating the regulatory environment, school directors must contend with the unique challenges posed by the public secondary education sector. Public schools serve a diverse student population, with varying needs and expectations that require tailored approaches to teaching and learning. Moreover, the public nature of these institutions means that directors are accountable not only to their immediate stakeholders, such as teachers and parents, but also to the broader community and government authorities. This accountability is further amplified by the increasing demand for transparency and efficiency in public sector management, which places additional pressure on school directors to demonstrate measurable outcomes in areas such as student performance, resource utilization, and stakeholder satisfaction.
One of the most significant aspects of the director’s role in public secondary schools is their engagement with stakeholders. Stakeholder management in education is inherently complex, as it involves balancing the often-conflicting interests of different groups. For example, parents may prioritize the safety and well-being of their children, while teachers may focus on professional development and academic freedom. At the same time, government authorities are primarily concerned with compliance, efficiency, and alignment with national education policies. The director’s ability to navigate these diverse expectations is critical to the success of the school, as it fosters trust, collaboration, and a shared commitment to achieving institutional goals.
The evolving role of school directors also reflects broader trends in educational leadership. Globally, there has been a shift toward more inclusive and participatory models of governance, where school leaders are expected to engage with their communities and involve stakeholders in decision-making processes. In Croatia, this trend is evident in initiatives that emphasize the importance of parental involvement, community partnerships, and teacher collaboration in shaping school policies and practices. These developments align with contemporary management theories, such as stakeholder capitalism, which emphasize the need to balance the interests of multiple constituencies to achieve sustainable outcomes. For school directors, adopting such an approach requires not only a deep understanding of management principles but also the interpersonal skills to build and sustain relationships across diverse stakeholder groups.
To address these challenges, school directors must draw on a combination of theoretical knowledge and practical experience. Theoretical frameworks, such as Fayol’s principles of management and transformational leadership theories, provide valuable insights into the core functions of management and the characteristics of effective leadership. At the same time, practical experience enables directors to adapt these principles to the specific contexts and challenges of their schools. This interplay between theory and practice is particularly important in the public secondary education sector, where directors must balance the demands of day-to-day operations with the strategic goal of improving educational outcomes.

Trade of Needs: Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs from a Multifocal Point of View

Hans-Joachim Benders — 2025-02-17

This research explores the cultural and generational influences on Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. German and Indonesian students completed a questionnaire, and statistics about Baby Boomers and Millennials were collected for the analysis and interpretation.
Maslow developed his theory to describe the human behaviour. Within this original Hierarchy five Needs are defined in a fixed ranking. These are the Physiological, the Safety, the Social, the Esteem and the Self-Actualization Needs. Researchers support Maslow’s theory. The Hierarchy of Needs is used in several fields of science and helps to understand the human behaviour. There are also researchers that have another opinion and do not agree with Maslow’s idea. They see constraints and limitations in his theory.
Culture is the way of life people live. It influences their daily actions, how they try to solve problems and when people take action. These characteristics can vary from culture to culture. People mostly experience just their own culture and only recognize a foreign one once they enter it. The same applies for a person’s age. People undergo different stages in their life and can have other prioritizes.
All human beings have a set of inborn Needs. They are naturally given and are the trigger for our deeds. As all human beings have the same set of Needs, do people also satisfy their Needs in the same order and in the same way? People live in different cultures and period of life which take influence on their behaviour. There could be a relation between culture / age and Needs. This leads to the hypotheses that culture and age can influence the ranking of Needs and the level of satisfaction.
The collected data from two different cultures and generations provides information to analysis and interpret their behaviour and motivation which ultimately lead to a final conclusion. A deeper examination of the data reveals the cultural and generational differences. These can be connected to the Hierarchy of Needs. The research confirms that the Hierarchy of Needs can vary by culture or age. It confirms that people satisfy their Needs on different degrees depending on the personal prioritization.
Keywords: Baby Boomers, Culture, Generations, Germany, Indonesia, Maslow, Millennials, Motivation, Needs

A Study on the Factors Affecting the Adoption of Telemedicine to the Rural and Underserved Population in India

Anupam Tyagi — 2025-02-17

This study investigates the factors influencing the adoption of telemedicine in rural and underserved populations in India, aiming to identify key barriers and enablers. Using data from 750 respondents, the study utilizes PLS-SEM to assess the impact of technological, socio-economic, cultural, and infrastructural factors on telemedicine acceptance. The findings highlight the significance of effort expectancy and social influence in driving telemedicine adoption, emphasizing the necessity for user-friendly platforms and community engagement. Conversely, perceived severity and perceived susceptibility negatively impact adoption, suggesting that heightened awareness of health risks may deter usage due to fear and mistrust.
The study underscores the importance of enhancing digital literacy and infrastructure to bridge the digital divide and improve telemedicine accessibility. Recommendations include simplifying telemedicine interfaces, providing multilingual support, engaging community leaders, and implementing targeted training programs. The study also advocates for integrating telemedicine with existing healthcare services and conducting awareness campaigns to address psychological barriers.
Ethical considerations, such as data privacy and patient confidentiality, are critical in the telemedicine context. The study calls for robust regulatory frameworks and policy support to ensure the safe and effective implementation of telemedicine services.
Future research directions include exploring the long-term impact of telemedicine on healthcare outcomes, assessing the effectiveness of different training and engagement strategies, and examining the role of emerging technologies like AI in enhancing telemedicine services. This study provides comprehensive insights and actionable recommendations to improve telemedicine adoption and healthcare delivery in rural and underserved areas of India, aiming to create a more inclusive and efficient healthcare system.
Keywords: Telemedicine, Rural Healthcare, Adoption Barriers, Digital Literacy, Healthcare Accessibility.

The Impact of Internal Communication on Employee Engagement: The Example of Marketing Agencies

Iva Blažević — 2025-02-17

Successful internal communication inside an organization or company is the main condition for the achievement of business goals given the fact that internal communication directly affects the satisfaction, motivation and engagement of employees. Well-organized internal communication channels ensure a quick and efficient information flow and based on those quick responses; job done. Employee engagement is becoming valuable as business success. In a modern work environment employee engagement represents vital element to take into consideration as a competitive advantage and value proposition when talking about a competent and successful organization or company. The concept of employee engagement is becoming increasingly popular around the world nowadays, and Croatia is no exception. Due to the direct connection with the company's goals, internal communication is the basis of every good organizational communication strategy. Communication is a key element for the growth and development of the organization or company and the success of management depends on communication with the employees. Every organization or company has its own internal communication structure which enables exchange ideas, mutual understanding, and the elimination of conflicts. This dissertation examines the impact of internal communication on employees’ engagement in marketing agencies by using the survey questionnaire. The outcome of this dissertation is meant to help marketing agencies, but also management of organizations and companies in general, better understand the situation, as well as the possible driving factors at the level of engagement. Empirical research was conducted on marketing agencies in Croatia, which included media buying, PR, full and creative agencies. The aim of research results had shown the existence of a clear link between internal communication and employee engagement, but also the fact that engaged employees work better and are more focused on performance and achievement of better business results. Empirical research was conducted on a research sample of 150 marketing agencies in Croatia and it could be stated that clear and transparent internal communication results in greater employee engagement who works better and are more focused on best performance and achieving better business results.
Keywords: business communication; internal communication, management, employees’ engagement, marketing agencies

The Effectiveness of Internal Corporate Governance Mechanisms of SOEs and Listed Companies in South Africa

Job Mpele — 2025-02-17

The scope of the study focuses on the effectiveness of the board as the central structure of internal corporate governance mechanisms. The subject of this study includes a sample of four companies listed on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE) and four State Owned Enterprises (SOEs). The research findings show that there are several interrelated factors which collectively contribute to the effective functioning of internal governance mechanisms. Board failure and poor risk management were found to have been the main contributors to the ineffectiveness of internal governance mechanisms. One of the main factors which affected the effectiveness of the board, is its ability to instil a strong governance culture and value system within the organization and, with regards to SOEs especially, this has also included board stability. Boards are required to practice ethical and courageous leadership. Failure by the board to do so results in the weakening and ineffectiveness of other internal governance mechanisms.
The study investigates how the corporate governance regime and governance mechanisms within South African corporations, have been influenced by the country’s unique political and socio-economic history and its need to attract foreign investors to uplift the economy and enhance economic growth, whilst also needing to deal with social and economic instability.
Whilst South Africa’s governance regime includes unique corporate governance solutions and requirements aimed at responding to the unique socio-economic challenges and to meet stakeholder expectations, this does not affect or have any influence on the fundamental governance principles. The governance solutions relate to the philosophical approach towards governance, as opposed to influencing the governance framework.

Decision Making on a Software Upgrade or Decommission with Data Mining and Machine Learning Techniques in the Information Technology Industry

Ravikanth Kowdeed — 2025-02-17

Background:
As part of Digital Transformation needs, the Organizations are investing more in Technology and Infrastructure like software upgrades, software renewals, software replacements, Cloud migrations etc., apart from investment in Business, People, and Processes. In this context, it is not an easy task for stakeholders to decide whether to go for a software upgrade or to replace it with another software. There is no unified approach or solution available today which proactively integrates key data such as Software Versions, Platform Compatibility, Dependent Software versions, Investment and Operational Costs, Open defects and fixes, Software Performance Metrics and Service level objectives. Due to this, the so-called decision making is a manual and tedious process taking time and effort.

Research Method:
This research is quantitative and experimental, tries to simplify the decision-making process by conceptualizing and prototyping a recommendation system that is proactive and data driven in nature.
This gathers information from the Software Engineering Life Cycle stages and apply Pareto law on the metrics - 80% of consequences come from 20% of causes - after establishing relationship between the data sets, executing Machine learning models on this big data.
This research proposes relational data modelling of input data, store the input data in database tables, apply Data Mining and Machine Learning techniques on the aggregated data to derive recommendation insights on a regular basis.
 Software assets versions (source: Software release documentation)
 Platform compatible versions (source: Software feature documentation)
 Dependencies with other software (source: Software release documentation, Tools and Frameworks to manage Compile and Run time dependencies)
 Operational service level agreement needs (source: Business requirements)
 SLA and SLO requirements (source: Organizational Operational metrics)
 Quality assurance and Systems performance metrics (source: Organizational Operational metrics)
 Cyber Security vulnerability fixes (NVD reported issues and resolutions)
 Number of defects and fixes in timely manner (Defects and resolution as tracked at software level and as provided in Software release documentation)
 Investment Cost (Software cost)
 Operational Cost (Software cost for renewals/patches/maintenance)
 Estimated cost for replacement (Cost of new software adoption and decommissioning the current software)

Limitations of this Research:
Every Organization will have own challenges and learnings in modernizing their software systems. While the software vendor release notes are publicly available, the release documentation is precise, and system dependencies are complex. All this data needs to be collated and analyzed to define data relationships and variables. While a prototype process and framework are proposed, the actual derivations and recommendations on this time series data in organizations depends on lot of other factors including constant reviews and uploading them back to the public domain for reuse, which remains out of the scope topic.
Opportunities for future:
With evolution and adoption of Generative Artificial Intelligence, Organizations may leverage their own data in conjunction with other publicly available Organization case studies. This research can be further expanded to build recommendation systems using private Large Language Models which provides capabilities of having Chat bots on the Organizational data considering data privacy. The overall idea and concept remain the same i.e., have a user interface that feeds the input data set, have a background process that performs data mining and provides graphical representation of data variables and outliers, have a presentation layer that chooses the machine learning model that triggers process of generating recommendation if software needs upgrade or replacement thereby decommissioning the existing software.

Challenges in Adaptation of Carbon Offsetting Apps by Companies for Business-Related Air Travel

Agya Pal Singh — 2025-02-17

The global imperative to address climate change has prompted businesses to explore sustainable practices, including carbon offsetting, to mitigate the environmental impact of their operations. This research delves into the challenges encountered by businesses in adopting carbon offsetting platforms specifically for air travel-related emissions.
This research is specific to challenges in adopting carbon offsetting platform for Business related air travel at it is major contributor of Greenhouse Gases (GHG)
Focusing on emissions from air travel is crucial, as air travel continues to grow. According to the David Suzuki Foundation, a quarter of all emissions could be from flying by 2050" (David Suzuki Foundation, 2022).
This research aims to understand the challenges and factors that impacts adoptions of carbon trading applications for business-related air travel and to build the conceptual model based on the existing studies and reports and relevant data collected by conducting Survey and interviews.
In this study, we conducted an in-depth analysis of the barriers that hinder the widespread implementation of carbon offsetting initiatives within the context of business-related air travel. Through a comprehensive literature review and empirical investigation, we identified and categorized the primary challenges faced by individuals and organizations aiming to integrate carbon offsetting into their air travel practices.
Result of this research will be of assistance to achieve the Sustainability goals of business organization by understanding the challenges in one of the key areas related to reducing carbon footprint. Furthermore, it will also help the Carbon offset platform companies in determining the potential solutions to the highlighted challenges.
The findings reveal a multifaceted landscape of obstacles, encompassing both practical and conceptual dimensions. From a practical standpoint, complexities arise in accurately quantifying emissions, selecting appropriate offset projects, and effectively communicating the carbon offsetting process to employees and stakeholders. Moreover, challenges linked to the credibility and transparency of offset projects emerge as significant concerns.
Conceptually, the research uncovers a range of psychological and organizational factors influencing the adoption of carbon offsetting platforms. These encompass issues of employee engagement, organizational commitment, and the alignment of carbon offsetting with corporate sustainability goals. Furthermore, the study highlights the tension between economic considerations and ethical imperatives, posing a dilemma for businesses seeking to strike a balance between financial viability and environmental responsibility.
In conclusion, this research contributes to a deeper understanding of the barriers faced by businesses in embracing carbon offsetting for air travel-related emissions. By shedding light on the intricate interplay of practical and conceptual challenges, this study provides valuable insights for organizations, policymakers, and industry stakeholders seeking to navigate the complexities of sustainable business practices in the aviation sector.
Keywords: Carbon offsetting, business travel, sustainability, environmental impact, challenges, adoption, aviation, emissions mitigation.

Innovative Polymeric Waste Management Systems to Enhance Circular Economy

Prafulla Shinde — 2025-02-17

The increasing difficulties presented by polymeric waste have emphasized the immediate requirement for inventive solutions that may tackle environmental issues while promoting economic viability. This research study explores polymeric waste management systems, specifically examining their ability to enhance the principles of the circular economy. The study wants to gain a full grasp of the latest breakthroughs in polymeric waste disposal technology by performing a rigorous literature analysis and examining case studies. The study evaluates the effectiveness of different methods, including mechanical reuse, chemical recycling, and developing waste-to-energy technologies, in both decreasing environmental harm and boosting resource effectiveness and economic resilience. The research aims to understand the complex factors influencing the acceptance and spread of new polymeric waste management technologies. It takes an interdisciplinary approach, combining environmental science, economics, engineering, and policy studies. The paper provides a clear analysis of the main difficulties and possibilities, offering practical advice to policymakers, business participants, and researchers to speed the goal of speeding up the shift toward an environmentally friendly and sustainable economy. To conduct a comprehensive statistical analysis, the study utilized established commercial statistical programs such as Excel and SPSS.
Various statistical methodologies were considered for this study. However, the selected approaches included regression, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and mean, independent samples t-test, as well as standard deviation. The choice of methodology depended on the specific objectives and hypotheses of the research.

Understanding Scope and Challenges of Adoption & Implementation of Artificial Intelligence in the Indian Small and Medium-Scale Textile Industry

Pawan Kumar — 2025-02-17

This research investigates how small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in India's textile sector, which is vital to the country's economy, are implementing and utilising artificial intelligence (AI). AI has the potential to significantly increase productivity and
competitiveness in this industry. Numerous textile SMEs have been hesitant to embrace AI owing to obstacles including a lack of awareness regarding its advantages, apprehensions about expenses, technological intricacies, and inadequate technical
expertise. This research seeks to evaluate the present status of AI implementation in Indian textile SMEs, identify the principal factors affecting AI utilisation, and comprehend the challenges encountered by these enterprises. By combining both data
analysis and real-world insights, the study offers practical recommendations to policymakers, industry leaders, and researchers for developing strategies that support AI integration in this sector.
Recent data indicate that the textile industry employs around 45 million individuals countrywide, including 3.52 million handloom workers, highlighting its importance to India. During the fiscal year 2018-19, textiles accounted for 7% of India's industrial
output by value. The sector has garnered substantial investments, particularly in coloured and printed textiles. From March 2000 to April 2021, the sector attracted Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) amounting to USD 3.75 billion. These statistics emphasise the textile and clothing sector's vital contribution to employment generation, economic expansion, and investment attraction. Incorporating AI into this sector can create more potential for innovation and advancement, helping both the textile industry and the Indian economy overall.

Cloud Transformation Challenges: Do They Favor the Emergence of Low-Code and No-Code Platforms

Amit Puri — 2025-02-17

This research investigates the challenges associated with cloud transformation and explores whether these challenges create a conducive environment for the emergence of low-code and no-code (LCNC) platforms as viable solutions for digital innovation. The study focuses on cloud-native development strategies, cloud migration models, and the growing role of LCNC platforms in enabling faster application development and deployment.
Methodologically, this research applies both qualitative and quantitative approaches, comparing traditional custom development models with LCNC solutions. Key metrics evaluated include cost efficiency, scalability, deployment control, and business process automation. Additionally, the research delves into the integration of advanced technologies like artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) within LCNC platforms, assessing their impact on accelerating digital transformation efforts.
The findings suggest that cloud transformation often faces significant hurdles, particularly in handling complex workloads and legacy systems. These challenges have fueled the rise of LCNC platforms, which offer a more accessible and efficient alternative for both technical and non-technical users. LCNC platforms have proven to be instrumental in reducing development time and cost, facilitating rapid prototyping, and improving operational efficiency through automation. However, the research also highlights limitations, including customisation constraints and concerns about scalability in large enterprises.
In conclusion, while LCNC platforms present a compelling solution for overcoming cloud transformation challenges, their widespread adoption will require addressing issues related to platform scalability, vendor lock-in, and the integration of open standards. Nonetheless, these platforms are poised to play a pivotal role in future digital transformation initiatives, empowering businesses to innovate and scale rapidly in an increasingly competitive landscape.